Eye Conditions

A

• Achromatopsia

  Achromatopsia is a rare inherited condition in which the cone cells of the retina do not work, causing reduced vision, severe light sensitivity, and little or no colour perception.

• Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

  AMD affects central vision by damaging the macula, making detailed tasks like reading and face recognition harder.

• Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)

  Amblyopia is reduced vision in one eye that has not developed normally in childhood, even with glasses.

• Aniridia

  Aniridia is a rare genetic condition in which the iris is partially or completely missing, usually affecting both eyes and reducing vision.

• Anisometropia

  Anisometropia is a significant difference in the prescription between the two eyes, which can affect comfort, binocular vision, and in children can lead to amblyopia if not corrected.

• Anophthalmia

  Anophthalmia is a rare condition in which a baby is born without one or both eyes, causing blindness or severe visual impairment on the affected side.

• Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)

  Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy is sudden damage to the front part of the optic nerve caused by reduced blood supply, leading to rapid loss of vision in one eye.

• Astigmatism

  Astigmatism is a common refractive error caused by an uneven curvature of the cornea or lens, leading to distorted or blurred vision at all distances.

B

• Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

  Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a rare inherited condition that causes progressive retinal dystrophy along with a range of other body-wide features, leading to significant sight loss over time.

• Batten Disease

  Batten disease is a group of rare inherited neurodegenerative conditions, also known as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, that cause progressive loss of vision, seizures, and decline in thinking and movement in children.

• Best Disease

  Best disease is an inherited form of macular dystrophy that causes a gradual loss of central vision, usually starting in childhood or young adulthood.

• Birdshot Chorioretinopathy

  Birdshot chorioretinopathy is a rare form of posterior uveitis in which scattered pale spots appear at the back of the eye and inflammation gradually damages the retina.

• Blepharitis

  Blepharitis is long-term inflammation of the eyelids that causes irritation, redness, and crusting, and is a common reason for gritty or blurred vision.

• Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)

  Branch retinal artery occlusion is a sudden blockage of one of the smaller arteries supplying the retina, causing loss of part of the vision in one eye.

• Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)

  Branch retinal vein occlusion is a blockage of one of the smaller veins draining the retina, causing blurred or distorted vision in part of the visual field.

C

• Cataracts

  A cataract is clouding of the eye's natural lens, causing gradually reduced and often blurry vision.

• Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)

  Central retinal artery occlusion is a sudden blockage of the main artery supplying the retina, causing rapid and often severe loss of vision in one eye.

• Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)

  Central retinal vein occlusion is a blockage of the main vein draining the retina, leading to sudden blurred or reduced vision in one eye.

• Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

  Central serous chorioretinopathy is a condition in which fluid builds up under the retina at the macula, causing blurred or distorted central vision, most often in one eye.

• Charles Bonnet Syndrome

  Charles Bonnet syndrome causes visual hallucinations in people who have lost a significant amount of sight, despite otherwise good mental health.

• Choroideremia

  Choroideremia is a rare inherited condition that causes progressive loss of the light-sensing cells of the retina and the blood vessel layer beneath it, gradually reducing vision.

• Coloboma

  Coloboma is a gap in one of the structures of the eye, present from birth, that can affect vision depending on its size and location.

• Colour Vision Deficiency

  Colour vision deficiency, often called colour blindness, is a reduced ability to tell certain colours apart, most commonly reds and greens.

• Cone-Rod Dystrophy

  Cone-rod dystrophy is an inherited condition in which the cone cells of the retina are affected first, followed by the rod cells, leading to progressive loss of vision.

• Congenital Stationary Night Blindness

  Congenital stationary night blindness is an inherited retinal condition in which the rod cells do not signal properly, causing lifelong difficulty seeing in dim light without further progression.

• Convergence Insufficiency

  Convergence insufficiency is a common binocular vision problem in which the eyes struggle to turn inwards together for near tasks, causing tired, blurry, or double vision when reading.

• Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI)

  Cortical visual impairment is reduced vision caused by the way the brain processes what the eyes see, rather than by a problem with the eyes themselves.

D

• Diabetic Retinopathy

  A diabetes-related eye condition where high blood sugar damages the retina's blood vessels and can threaten vision.

• Diplopia (Double Vision)

  Diplopia is the medical term for double vision, where a single object appears as two images, and can be caused by a wide range of eye and neurological conditions.

• Dry Eye Disease

  Dry eye disease happens when tears do not provide enough lubrication, leading to discomfort and fluctuating vision.

E

• Entropion and Ectropion

  Entropion and ectropion are eyelid malpositions in which the lower lid turns inwards or outwards, causing irritation, watering, and in some cases damage to the surface of the eye.

• Epiretinal Membrane

  An epiretinal membrane is a thin layer of scar-like tissue that forms on the surface of the retina at the macula, causing blurred or distorted central vision.

F

• Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy

  Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy is a gradual condition in which the inner cells of the cornea stop working properly, causing swelling and blurred vision that is typically worst in the morning.

G

• Glaucoma

  Glaucoma is a group of conditions that damage the optic nerve, often linked to raised eye pressure, and can cause permanent vision loss.

H

• Hemianopia

  Hemianopia is loss of half of the visual field in one or both eyes, usually caused by damage to the visual pathways in the brain rather than to the eyes themselves.

• Hyperopia (Long-sightedness)

  Hyperopia is a refractive error where close objects appear blurred and the eyes have to work harder to focus, especially for near tasks.

• Hypertensive Retinopathy

  Hypertensive retinopathy is damage to the blood vessels of the retina caused by high blood pressure, which in severe cases can affect vision.

I

• Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)

  Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a condition in which pressure around the brain is raised for no clear reason, causing headaches and swelling of the optic nerves that can threaten vision.

K

• Keratitis

  Inflammation of the cornea that can cause pain, redness, and blurred vision, often needing prompt treatment.

• Keratoconus

  Keratoconus is a progressive condition in which the cornea thins and bulges into a cone shape, distorting vision.

L

• Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA)

  Leber congenital amaurosis is a group of rare inherited retinal conditions that cause severe visual impairment or blindness from birth or early infancy.

• Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)

  Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is an inherited condition that causes sudden, painless loss of central vision due to damage of the optic nerve, usually in young adults.

M

• Macular Hole

  A macular hole is a small break in the macula, the central part of the retina, causing blurred or distorted central vision.

• Macular Oedema

  Macular oedema is a build-up of fluid in the macula, the central part of the retina, causing blurred or distorted central vision.

• Microphthalmia

  Microphthalmia is a condition in which one or both eyes do not develop to their full size before birth, often causing reduced vision or blindness in the affected eye.

• Myopia (Short-sightedness)

  Myopia is a common refractive error in which distant objects appear blurred while close-up vision is typically clearer.

N

• Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

  Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is a rare autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the optic nerves and spinal cord, often causing severe episodes of vision loss and weakness.

• Nystagmus

  Nystagmus is a condition in which the eyes make repeated, uncontrolled movements, often reducing vision.

O

• Ocular Albinism

  Ocular albinism is an inherited condition in which the eyes have reduced pigment and the retina and visual pathways do not develop fully, causing lifelong reduced vision.

• Ocular Hypertension

  Ocular hypertension is when the pressure inside the eye is higher than normal but without signs of damage to the optic nerve or visual field loss.

• Ocular Melanoma

  Ocular melanoma is a rare cancer that develops from pigmented cells inside the eye, most often in the choroid, and can affect vision and general health.

• Ocular Myasthenia Gravis

  Ocular myasthenia gravis is a form of the autoimmune condition myasthenia gravis that mainly affects the muscles around the eyes, causing drooping eyelids and double vision that often varies through the day.

• Optic Atrophy

  Optic atrophy is damage to the optic nerve that results in loss of vision, with a characteristic pale appearance when the back of the eye is examined.

• Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

  Optic nerve hypoplasia is a developmental condition in which the optic nerve is smaller than usual, causing reduced vision from birth.

• Optic Neuritis

  Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve, usually causing a sudden reduction in vision in one eye and pain with eye movement.

P

• Pathological Myopia

  Pathological myopia is a severe form of short-sightedness in which the eye becomes excessively long, causing degenerative changes at the back of the eye and a risk of lasting vision loss.

• Pattern Dystrophy

  Pattern dystrophy is a group of inherited macular conditions in which characteristic deposits form at the macula, usually causing mild to moderate changes in central vision later in life.

• Pigment Dispersion Syndrome

  Pigment dispersion syndrome is a condition in which pigment rubs off the back of the iris and circulates inside the eye, where it can block drainage and raise the risk of glaucoma.

• Posterior Capsule Opacification

  Posterior capsule opacification is a common clouding of the lens capsule that can occur months or years after cataract surgery, causing vision to become blurry again.

• Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD)

  Posterior vitreous detachment is a common age-related change in which the vitreous gel pulls away from the back of the eye.

• Presbyopia

  Presbyopia is the gradual loss of the eye's ability to focus on close objects, part of the normal ageing process.

• Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome

  Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is a common age-related condition in which a flaky material builds up on structures within the eye, increasing the risk of glaucoma and complications during cataract surgery.

• Pterygium

  A pterygium is a fleshy growth of tissue from the surface of the eye that extends onto the cornea and can cause irritation and, if large enough, blurred vision.

• Ptosis

  Ptosis is a drooping of the upper eyelid that can partly or completely cover the pupil and, especially in children, may affect the development of vision.

R

• Refsum Disease

  Refsum disease is a rare inherited condition in which the body cannot break down a type of fatty acid, leading to a progressive retinal dystrophy and other neurological changes.

• Retinal Detachment

  A serious emergency where the retina pulls away from the back of the eye and needs urgent treatment.

• Retinitis Pigmentosa

  Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited retinal condition that causes progressive vision loss, typically starting with night and peripheral vision.

• Retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer of the retina that almost always affects children under the age of five and can threaten both sight and life if not treated promptly.

• Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

  Retinopathy of prematurity is an eye condition affecting some babies born prematurely, in which abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina.

S

• Sickle Cell Retinopathy

  Sickle cell retinopathy is damage to the retina caused by sickle cell disease, which can lead to bleeding inside the eye and sight loss if untreated.

• Stargardt Disease

  Stargardt disease is an inherited eye condition that causes progressive loss of central vision, usually starting in childhood or young adulthood.

• Strabismus (Squint)

  Strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes, where one eye turns in a different direction from the other.

T

• Thyroid Eye Disease

  Thyroid eye disease is an autoimmune condition in which tissues around the eye become swollen and inflamed, most often linked to an overactive thyroid gland, and can affect comfort, appearance, and vision.

U

• Usher Syndrome

  Usher syndrome is an inherited condition that causes combined hearing loss and progressive sight loss from retinitis pigmentosa.

• Uveitis

  Uveitis is inflammation inside the eye that can develop quickly and may lead to vision loss without treatment.

V

• Vitreous Haemorrhage

  Vitreous haemorrhage is bleeding into the clear jelly inside the eye, which can cause sudden floaters, blurring, or loss of vision depending on how much blood is present.

• Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease

  Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease is a rare autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks pigmented cells in the eyes, inner ear, skin, and nervous system, causing inflammation and sight problems.

W

• Wolfram Syndrome

  Wolfram syndrome is a rare inherited condition that combines diabetes, progressive loss of vision from optic nerve damage, hearing loss, and problems with the urinary system.

X

• X-Linked Retinoschisis

  X-linked retinoschisis is a rare inherited condition in which the retina splits into layers, affecting central vision from childhood and almost always occurring in males.